Assessment of the adverse effects of pollution on farmland bird diversity in contemporary agricultural landscapes

The escalating global demand for food has intensified agricultural practices, leading to substantial changes in land use. This transformation poses a threat to farmland biodiversity, compounded by the presence of pollutants from anthropogenic activities. While the impact of specific pollutants is known in controlled environments, their compounded effects under field conditions remain largely unexplored. We investigated correlations between farmland bird distribution, landscape features, land use patterns, and anthropogenic pressures, including nutrient pollution, acidifying compounds, and synthetic chemicals. Using distribution maps of the Netherlands at a 1x1 km{superscript 2} grid cell, we analyzed the association of farmland bird species richness and abundance with landscape characteristics and varying levels of exposures to unintended pollutants. We also compared species richness distribution patterns between 1998 and 2018. We found a strong negative relationship between farmland bird species richness and abundance with atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen (NHx, NOy). Furthermore, mixed associations were observed between farmland birds and local toxic pressure variation in surface waters, with consistent relationships to industrial chemicals (negative) and products of combustion (positive). Lastly, change in species richness from 1998 and 2018, showed that many of the relationships observed now were already evident two decades ago, with recent declines in species richness concentrated in landscapes hosting a considerable number of species, and low nitrogen deposition grid cells. We conclude that although it is likely that there is some direct negative effects of pollutants on farmland birds, it is reasonable to also assume that the identified relationships are proxies for the overarching intensity of farming, human disturbance, and broader landscape changes. Our study highlights a) a possible role of synthetic pollutants and acidifying eutrophicating substances in farmland bird decline b) the need for well-designed field studies to complement correlative evidence from big data approaches such as ours to enhance our understanding and c) the broader implications for sustainable land management, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach in addressing the intricate relationships between pollutants and landscape changes.