Reprogrammable 4D Tissue Engineering Hydrogel Scaffold via Reversible Ion Printing

Shape changeable hydrogel scaffolds recapitulating morphological dynamism of native tissues have emerged as an elegant tool for future tissue engineering (TE) applications, due to their capability to create morphodynamical tissues with complex architectures. Hydrogel scaffolds capable of preprogrammable, reprogrammable and/or reversible shape transformations would widely expand the scope of possible temporal shape changes. Current morphable hydrogels are mostly based on multimaterial, multilayered structures, which involve complicated and time-consuming fabrication protocols, and are often limited to single unidirectional deformation. This work reports on the development of a transformable hydrogel system using a fast, simple, and robust fabrication approach for manipulating the shapes of soft tissues at defined maturation states. Simply by using an ion-transfer printing (ITP) technology (i.e., transferring Ca2+ from an ion reservoir with filter paper and subsequent covering on a preformed alginate-derived hydrogel), a tunable Ca2+ crosslinking density gradient across the hydrogel thickness has been incorporated, which enables preprogrammable deformations upon further swelling in cell culture media. Combining with a surface patterning technology, cell-laden constructs (bioconstructs) capable of morphing in multiple directions are deformed into sophisticated configurations. Not only can the deformed bioconstructs recover their original shapes by chemical treatment, but at user-defined times they can also be incorporated with new, different spatially controlled gradient crosslinking via the ITP process, conferring 3D bioconstruct shape reprogrammability. In this manner, unique "3D-to-3D" shape conversions have been realized. Finally, we demonstrated effective shape manipulation in engineered cartilage-like tissue constructs using this strategy. These morphable scaffolds may advance 4D TE by enabling more sophisticated spatiotemporal control over construct shape evolution.