The Plankton Imager (Pi-10): An imaging instrument for automated and continuous zooplankton data collection

The Pi-10 is the latest iteration of the Plankton Imager: a high-speed colour line-scan camera that images particles in a flow-through system. The Pi-10 is a cost-effective, easy to install and low maintenance automated instrument that can be used on any platform with access to water and power supply. We tested the Pi-10 on the research vessel Cefas Endeavour, connected to a continuous water supply pumping water at 34 L min-1. The instrument collected images of particles, within the size range of 180 {micro}m - 3.5 cm, automatically and continuously, alongside other vessel operations, in all weathers over a period of 18 days. The Pi-10 successfully captured and saved up 5000 images per minute, translating into a 46 GB of digital storage per day. When particle density exceeded 147 per litre, the instrument stopped saving all images, while still recording the number of particles that passed through the system. This is akin to subsampling, with more sub-sampling required in areas or times of high particle density (e.g at the time of spring plankton bloom or in turbid waters). The Pi-10 collects high volumes of data in a continuous manner, thus providing unprecedented fine spatial data. The high frequency nature of the instrument opens the door to new areas of research. These include, in particular, the observation of fine scale processes, the move towards real-time sampling, and the increased capability to build a digital twin of the oceans. As technologies continue evolving the Pi-10 performance will increase, being able to collect and save more and more images.