Population comparisons reveal more social interactions are correlated with larger brains in the Lake Tanganyikan cichlid Neolamprologus brevis

The Social Brain Hypothesis (SBH) proposes that complex social environments drive the evolution of larger brains and specific neuroanatomical adaptations. This relationship can be difficult to study in the wild, because species that differ in social organization may also diverge in morphology, ecology, phylogeny, and other life history parameters. Here we use two populations of the shell-dwelling cichlid Neolamprologus brevis with contrasting social environments to test whether increased social complexity is associated with larger brain sizes or specific regional adaptations. Behavioral observations revealed similarly low feeding rates in both populations, but significantly more frequent social interaction frequencies in the population one of the populations. This population had larger total brain volumes relative to body size, with a disproportionately larger telencephalon and a smaller hypothalamus, suggesting region-specific adaptations to social demands. By integrating behavioral quantification and neuroanatomical analysis, our study highlights the importance of sociality as a driver of brain evolution and demonstrates the utility of cichlid fish as a model for testing the SBH in non-mammalian systems. These findings provide empirical support for the SBH and underscore the value of combining behavioral and morphological data in evolutionary neuroethology.