Ecological networks across interaction types are modular and highly driven by sampling intensity at biogeographical scales

Understanding how the structure of ecological communities varies across biotic and abiotic dimensions is a fundamental goal in ecology. This challenge is now approachable due to the increasing availability of data on community structure across the globe. Ecological communities are often defined with respect to the guilds considered and the interactions they engage in, but it is unclear whether interactions of different types respond similarly to large-scale environmental gradients. Therefore, we lack a deeper understanding of how the emergent structure of interaction networks varies across biogeographical gradients, and how this effect may change depending on their constituent interaction types. Here, using a unique dataset of 952 networks across the globe, we provide a first comparison of network structural metrics and their large-scale variability for five overarching interaction types (feeding, frugivory, herbivory, parasitism and pollination). We show that degree distribution, but not connectance alone, helps us understand the observed network structures, and this pattern is maintained across interaction types (with the partial exception of food webs). Moreover, degree distribution descriptors are generally explained by differences across studies, which represent a proxy for variability in sampling and network construction methods. Environ-mental factors show weaker but robust effects on network degree distribution, and food webs are generally more sensitive to changes in environmental factors than networks of other interaction types. By analysing common descriptors of the degree distributions of ecological networks, this study underscores for the first time generalities and differences across networks of different interaction types and their response to environmental and anthropogenic factors.