Prevalence of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in regions with varying transmission intensities and implications for malaria elimination in Mainland Tanzania

BackgroundSubpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections, defined as infections with parasitaemia density below the detection limit of routine malaria diagnostic tests, contribute to infectious reservoirs, sustain transmission, and cause the failure of elimination strategies in target areas. This study assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with subpatent P. falciparum infections in 14 regions of Mainland Tanzania with varying endemicity. MethodsThe study used samples randomly selected from RDT-negative dried blood spots (DBS) (n = 2,685/10,121) collected in 2021 at 100 health facilities across 10 regions of Mainland Tanzania, and four communities in four additional regions. The regions were selected from four transmission strata; high (five regions), moderate (three), low (three), and very low (three regions). DNA was extracted by Tween-Chelex method, and the Pf18S rRNA gene was amplified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations between age groups, sex, fever status, and transmission strata with of subpatent infections status, while linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between these factors and subpatent parasite density. ResultsOf the selected samples, 525/2,685 (19.6%) were positive by qPCR for P. falciparum, and the positivity rates varied across different regions (range: 4.8 to 39.6%). Under-fives (aOR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.04-1.88; p<0.05) from health facilities had higher odds of subpatent infections compared to other groups, while those from community surveys (aOR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.15-0.72; p = 0.005) had lower odds. Participants from very low transmission stratum had significantly lower odds of subpatent infection compared to those from high transmission straum (aOR=0.53, 95% CI=0.37-0.78; p < 0.01). The log-transformed median parasite density (interquartile range) was 6.9 (5.8 - 8.5) parasites/{micro}L, with significantly higher parasitaemia in the low transmission stratum compared to very low (11.4 vs 7.0 parasites/{micro}L, p<0.001). ConclusionEven in very low transmission settings, the prevalence of subpatent infections was 13%, and in low transmission settings it was even higher at 29.4%, suggesting a substantial reservoir which is likely to be missed by routine malaria case management strategies. Thus, control and elimination programmes may benefit from adoption of more sensitive detection methods to ensure that a higher proportion of subpatent infections are detected.