What's in it for the dogs? Assessing the outcomes of a prison-based dog training program from an animal behavior and welfare perspective

Prison-Based Dog Training Programs (PBDTPs) are gaining popularity across the world for their benefits to inmates in terms of mental and emotional health, and reduced recidivism. However, research on the implications for the dogs is limited. The aim of the present study was to assess the outcomes of a PBDTP from an animal behavior and welfare perspective. Shelter dogs (N=42) were transported to and from the prisons twice a week where they received training from inmates for a total duration of 12 weeks. Dogs were tested for potential improvements in socialization and handling skills and basic training skills using standard tests (Temperament Test and Basic Education Test). Dog welfare was assessed using behavioral, physiological, and cognitive measures, namely stress-related behaviors and overall behavior states during training sessions, salivary cortisol levels, and cognitive bias tests. Results showed that participating in the PBDTP improved the dogs sociability towards humans and increased playful behavior, and improved basic training skills including not jumping on people, walking on a leash without pulling, responding to commands (sit, down, and staying in place) and staying calm when separated from the handler. Furthermore, behaviors indicative of stress were generally rare during training sessions and no impact of the PBDTP was found on the levels of salivary cortisol nor on the dogs affective states (as measured with cognitive bias tests). In conclusion, the present study suggests that PBDPTs are beneficial for dogs, with animals showing no indicators of compromised welfare while displaying improved behavior skills, which will likely facilitate their future rehoming.