Validity, Reliability, and Framing Effects in Equity-Efficiency Trade-Off Studies: A Systematic Review

ObjectivesHealth system resources are limited, and decision makers often need to make trade-offs between equity and efficiency. Such trade-offs are guided by public values that are elicited using choice experiments. There is no standard approach to elicit equity-efficiency trade-offs. Previous studies have found significant variability in public values, raising concerns about the robustness of trade-off experiments. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether and how equity-efficiency trade-off studies consider validity, reliability and framing effects. MethodsWe searched Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science in January 2024 for health-related equity-efficiency trade-off studies. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment. Results115 equity-efficiency trade-off studies were identified, of which 29 studies (25.2%) investigated validity, reliability, and/or framing effects. 14 (12.2%) studies assessed validity, 9 (7.8%) studies assessed reliability, and 10 (8.7%) assessed framing or cognitive effects. Validity was most frequently assessed by comparing results to hypothesized expectations, while reliability was commonly assessed by providing a repeated test or questionnaire. Framing and cognitive effects were assessed by varying question order or changing the wording or framing of the scenario. 19 of 23 studies reported high or acceptable validity or reliability, and 5 of 10 studies found no significant framing or cognitive effects. ConclusionThis systematic review highlights the need to consider robustness of elicited values in choice experiments. It will also guide future choice experiments that aim to estimate inequity aversion.