OzWheat: a genome-to-phenome platform to resolve complex traits for wheat pre-breeding and research.

For over a century, Australian wheat breeders have successfully adapted wheat to a broad range of climatic conditions and crop management practices. The OzWheat genome-to-phenome (G2P) platform was established to capture this breeding history and explore traits, genes, and their interactions with the environment to enable ongoing research and deliver targets for wheat improvement. A panel of 285 cultivars and landraces were chosen through knowledge of breeding pedigrees to represent both global diversity and the historic flow of genetic variation over more than 100 years of selective breeding in Australia. Genetic characterisation of the panel included identification of genome-wide sequence variants and gene expression profiling across environments. Important traits for adaptation (flowering time and plant height) were assayed in controlled environments and at multiple field sites and years, with genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) using linear mixed models detecting both known and novel loci. Here, we report establishment of the OzWheat G2P platform as a powerful tool to integrate wheat genomes and phenomes and demonstrate its use to identify candidate genes and understand gene by environment interactions. This provides the wheat research and breeding community a new resource to support future cultivar development.