Current substance use patterns and associated factors among Ghanaian adolescents in senior high school

Substance use poses a significant threat to adolescent health and well-being globally, with rising rates of concern in developing countries. Understanding the specific factors currently driving substance use among youth is crucial for developing targeted interventions. This study examines current substance use patterns and their correlates among Ghanaian in-school adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was administered to a random sample of 425 SHS students in Accra. A standardised questionnaire was used to assess substance use patterns (types, frequency, age of initiation), peer and family influences, socio-demographic characteristics and potential substance dependence. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample and a multiple logistic regression models identified predictors of use for specific substances. The mean age of participants was 17.1 years. Cigarettes were the most used substance, followed by shisha, marijuana, and alcohol. Male students, those living with relatives, and those with friends who drink alcohol were more likely to use alcohol. Students who worked while in school, or had family members who smoke, had an increased likelihood of cigarette use. Older students and those with friends who use shisha were more likely to use shisha. Interestingly, limited social media exposure and living with parents and siblings were associated with lower marijuana use. Additionally, the results showed a potential substance dependence in some students. This study highlights substance use patterns and influential factors among adolescents in urban Ghana. Findings emphasize the interaction of peer influence, family environment, and gender in shaping substance use behaviours. These insights can inform culturally sensitive interventions to promote adolescent health and resilience in Ghana, and potentially other developing contexts.