What does your gut tell you? Influences of a zombie-making and generalist fungal entomopathogen on carpenter ant micro- and mycobiota

Microbiome composition impacts many host aspects including health, nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. This warrants the recent uptick in insect microbiota research across species and ecosystems. Commensurate with this, the bacterial microbiome of the ant Camponotus floridanus has been well characterized across body regions and maturation levels. However, potential effects of entomopathogens on the gut microbiome, and the fungal communities therein, are yet to be assessed. Investigation of the microbiome during infection could provide insight into entomopathogenic infection and manipulation strategies and inform effective biopesticide strategies. Additionally, the mycobiome remains often overlooked despite playing a vital role in gut ecology with potential implications for health and infection outcomes. To improve our limited understanding of fungal infections in insects, and ants in particular, we characterized the effects of two entomopathogens with different infection strategies on the gut micro- and mycobiota of C. floridanus over time; Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani and Beauveria bassiana. Specialist, zombie-making O. camponoti-floridani fungi hijack the behavior of C. floridanus ants over three weeks, causing them to find an elevated position, and fix themselves in place with their mandibles. This summiting behavior is adaptive to Ophiocordyceps as the ant transports the fungus to conditions that favor fruiting body development, spore production, dispersal, and transmission. In contrast, the generalist entomopathogen B. bassiana infects and kills the ant within a few days, without the induction of obvious fungus-adaptive behaviors. By comparing healthy ants with Beauveria- and Ophiocordyceps-infected ants we aimed to 1) describe the dynamics of the micro- and mycobiome of C. floridanus during infection, and 2) determine if the effects on gut microbiota are distinctive between fungi that have different infection strategies. While Beauveria did not measurably affect the ant host micro-and mycobiome, Ophiocordyceps did, especially for the mycobiome. Moreover, ants that were sampled during Ophiocordyceps-adaptive summiting behavior had a significantly different micro- and mycobiome composition compared to healthy controls and those sampled before and after manipulation took place. This suggests that the host microbiome might have a role to play in the manipulation strategy of Ophiocordyceps. HighlightsO_LIOphiocordyceps and Beauveria infections impact the gut microbiota of carpenter ants differently C_LIO_LIThe fungal ASVs present in the ant gut are more diverse and dynamic across infection conditions compared to the bacterial ASVs C_LIO_LIThere is significant dysbiosis in the bacterial and fungal microbiota of ants that display Ophiocordyceps-manipulated summiting behavior C_LIO_LIDysbiosis in Ophiocordyceps-infected ants might be contributing to observed host behavioral changes while a comparable dysbiosis is not observed in Beauveria infections C_LI