Evaluation of ChatGPT's Usefulness and Accuracy in Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.

ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence capable of processing and generating human-like language. ChatGPTs role within clinical patient care and medical education has been explored; however, assessment of its potential in supporting histopathological diagnosis is lacking. In this study, we assessed ChatGPTs reliability in addressing pathology-related diagnostic questions across 10 subspecialties, as well as its ability to provide scientific references. We created five clinico-pathological scenarios for each subspecialty, posed to ChatGPT as open-ended or multiple-choice questions. Each question either asked for scientific references or not. Outputs were assessed by six pathologists according to: 1) usefulness in supporting the diagnosis and 2) absolute number of errors. All references were manually verified. We used directed acyclic graphs and structural causal models to determine the effect of each scenario type, field, question modality and pathologist evaluation. Overall, we yielded 894 evaluations. ChatGPT provided useful answers in 62.2% of cases. 32.1% of outputs contained no errors, while the remaining contained at least one error (maximum 18). ChatGPT provided 214 bibliographic references: 70.1% were correct, 12.1% were inaccurate and 17.8% did not correspond to a publication. Scenario variability had the greatest impact on ratings, followed by prompting strategy. Finally, latent knowledge across the fields showed minimal variation. In conclusion, ChatGPT provided useful responses in one-third of cases, but the number of errors and variability highlight that it is not yet adequate for everyday diagnostic practice and should be used with discretion as a support tool. The lack of thoroughness in providing references also suggests caution should be employed even when used as a self-learning tool. It is essential to recognize the irreplaceable role of human experts in synthesizing images, clinical data and experience for the intricate task of histopathological diagnosis.