Resistance Gene Association and Inference Network (ReGAIN): A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Assessing Probabilistic Co-Occurrence Between Resistance Genes in Bacterial Pathogens

The rampant rise of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens poses a severe health threat, necessitating innovative tools to unravel the complex genetic underpinnings of antimicrobial resistance. Despite significant strides in developing genomic tools for detecting resistance genes, a gap remains in analyzing organism-specific patterns of resistance gene co-occurrence. Addressing this deficiency, we developed the Resistance Gene Association and Inference Network (ReGAIN), a novel web-based and command line genomic platform that uses Bayesian network structure learning to identify and map resistance gene networks in bacterial pathogens. ReGAIN not only detects resistance genes using well- established methods, but also elucidates their complex interplay, critical for understanding MDR phenotypes. Focusing on ESKAPE pathogens, ReGAIN yielded a queryable database for investigating resistance gene co-occurrence, enriching resistome analyses, and providing new insights into the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, the versatility of ReGAIN extends beyond antibiotic resistance genes to include assessment of co-occurrence patterns among heavy metal resistance and virulence determinants, providing a comprehensive overview of key gene relationships impacting both disease progression and treatment outcomes. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=190 SRC="FIGDIR/small/582197v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (53K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@158a667org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@114c965org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b24504org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d112af_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG