DNA satellite and chromatin organization at house mouse centromeres and pericentromeres

Centromeres are essential for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. However, the organization of satellite DNA and chromatin at mouse centromeres and pericentromeres is poorly understood due to the challenges of sequencing and assembling repetitive genomic regions. Using recently available PacBio long-read sequencing data from the C57BL/6 strain and chromatin profiling, we found that contrary to the previous reports of their highly homogeneous nature, centromeric and pericentromeric satellites display varied sequences and organization. We find that both centromeric minor satellites and pericentromeric major satellites exhibited sequence variations within and between arrays. While most arrays are continuous, a significant fraction is interspersed with non-satellite sequences, including transposable elements. Additionally, we investigated CENP-A and H3K9me3 chromatin organization at centromeres and pericentromeres using Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). We found that the occupancy of CENP-A and H3K9me3 chromatin at centromeric and pericentric regions, respectively, is associated with increased sequence abundance and homogeneity at these regions. Furthermore, the transposable elements at centromeric regions are not part of functional centromeres as they lack CENP-A enrichment. Finally, we found that while H3K9me3 nucleosomes display a well-phased organization on major satellite arrays, CENP-A nucleosomes on minor satellite arrays lack phased organization. Interestingly, the homogeneous class of major satellites phase CENP-A and H3K27me3 nucleosomes as well, indicating that the nucleosome phasing is an inherent property of homogeneous major satellites. Overall, our findings reveal that house mouse centromeres and pericentromeres, which were previously thought to be highly homogenous, display significant diversity in satellite sequence, organization, and chromatin structure.