Diversity at single nucleotide to pangenome scales among sulfur cycling bacteria in salt marshes

Sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in salt marsh sediments are major controllers of ecosystem-scale carbon cycling. Cross-site comparisons of S-cycling communities are difficult given the rampant uncultured microbial diversity in sediment, yet comparisons are essential for revealing biogeographic, phylogenetic and functionally significant variation. Here, we use deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing data to construct and compare metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of sulfur-cycling bacteria from Massachusetts and Alabama salt marshes that contrast in seasonality and sediment organic matter content. Samples were collected from sediments under Sporobolus alterniflorus and Sporobolus pumilus in separate MA vegetation zones, and under Sporobolus alterniflorus and Juncus roemerianus co-rooted in AL marsh. We grouped metagenomic data by plant species and site and identified 38 MAGs that included pathways for dissimilatory sulfate reduction or sulfide oxidation. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that 30 of the 38 were affiliated with uncultivated lineages. Read-mapping to MAGs showed significant differentiation of AL and MA samples, differentiation of samples taken in S. alterniflorus and S. pumilus vegetation zones in MA, but no differentiation of samples taken under S. alterniflorus and J. roemerianus that were rooted together in AL marsh. Pangenomic analyses of eight ubiquitous MAGs also detected site- and vegetation-specific genomic features, including varied sulfur-cycling operons, carbon fixation pathways, fixed single nucleotide variants, and active diversity-generating retroelements. This genetic diversity, detected at multiple scales even within uncultured groups, suggests evolutionary relationships affected by distance and local environment, and demonstrates differential microbial capacities for sulfur and carbon cycling in salt marsh sediments. ImportanceSalt marshes are known for their significant carbon storage capacity, and sulfur cycling is closely linked with the ecosystem-scale carbon cycling in these ecosystems. Sulfate reducers are the major decomposers in salt marsh systems, and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria remove sulfide, a toxic byproduct of sulfate reduction, supporting the productivity of marsh plants. To date, the complexity of coastal environments, heterogeneity of the rhizosphere, high microbial diversity and uncultured majority hindered our understanding of the genomic diversity of sulfur-cycling microbes in salt marshes. Here we use comparative genomics to overcome these challenges and provide an in-depth characterization of microbial diversity in salt marshes. We characterize sulfur-cycling communities across distinct sites and plant species and uncover extensive genomic diversity at the taxon level and specific genomic features present in MAGs affiliated with sulfur-cycling uncultivated lineages. Our work provides insights into the partnerships in salt marshes and a roadmap for multiscale analyses of diversity in complex biological systems.