Fed-GLMM: A Privacy-Preserving and Computation-Efficient Federated Algorithm for Generalized Linear Mixed Models to Analyze Correlated Electronic Health Records Data

Large collaborative research networks provide opportunities to jointly analyze multicenter electronic health record (EHR) data, which can improve the sample size, diversity of the study population, and generalizability of the results. However, there are challenges to analyzing multicenter EHR data including privacy protection, large-scale computation, heterogeneity across sites, and correlated observations. In this paper, we propose a federated algorithm for generalized linear mixed models (Fed-GLMM), which can flexibly model multicenter longitudinal or correlated data while accounting for site-level heterogeneity. Fed-GLMM can be applied to both federated and centralized research networks to enable privacy-preserving data integration and improve computational efficiency. By communicating only a limited amount of summary statistics, Fed-GLMM can achieve nearly identical results as the gold-standard method where the GLMM is directly fitted on the pooled dataset. We demonstrate the performance of Fed-GLMM in both numerical experiments and an application to longitudinal EHR data from multiple healthcare facilities.