Enhanced competitive protein exchange at the nano-bio interface enables ultra-deep coverage of the human plasma proteome

We have developed a scalable system that leverages protein-nano interactions to overcome current limitations of deep plasma proteomics in large cohorts. Introducing proprietary engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into a biofluid such as blood plasma leads to the formation of a selective and reproducible protein corona at the particle-protein interface, driven by the relationship between protein-NP affinity and protein abundance. Here we demonstrate the importance of tuning the protein to NP-surface ratio (P/NP), which determines the competition between proteins for binding. We demonstrate how optimized P/NP ratio affects protein corona composition, ultimately enhancing performance of a fully automated NP-based deep proteomic workflow (Proteograph). By limiting the available binding surface of NPs and increasing the binding competition, we identify 1.2 - 1.7x more proteins with only 1% false discovery rate on the surface of each NP, and up to 3x compared to a standard neat plasma proteomics workflow. Moreover, increased competition means proteins are more consistently identified and quantified across replicates, yielding precise quantification and improved coverage of the plasma proteome when using multiple physicochemically distinct NPs. In summary, by optimizing NPs and assay conditions, we capture a larger and more diverse set of proteins, enabling deep proteomic studies at scale.