Can we fish on stocks that need rebuilding? Illustrating the trade-offs between stock conservation and fisheries considerations

In the Northeast Atlantic, advice for many fish stocks follows the ICES MSY approach, where a zero catch will be recommended if the stock is below its limit reference point, Blim, and cannot rebuild in the short-term. How-ever, zero catch advice are rarely implemented by managers. This study used medium-term stochastic forecasts with harvest control rules (HCRs) to investigate the consequences of allowing reduced fishing below Blim. We applied the method to western Baltic herring and North Sea cod, two contrasting species currently estimated below Blim. We show that the minimum rebuilding probability of 95% required by the MSY approach could be impossible to reach in the short-to medium-term. When this is the case, a lower probability may need to be considered instead in the short-term. Recruitment is the largest source of uncertainty in stock response to management, and can exceed differences between HCRs. Reference points should be estimated in accordance with current recruitment levels if they are to be used for short-term advice or as realistic rebuilding targets. For both stocks, it is possible to keep fishing at reduced levels for similar cumulative catch, SSB and risk on the stock in the medium-term compared to no catch below Blim. Medium-term trade-offs between stock conservation and fisheries considerations may be needed when fishery closure cannot be implemented in practice.