Generating Agent-Based Multiscale Multicellular Spatiotemporal Models from Ordinary Differential Equations of Biological Systems, with Applications in Viral Infection

The biophysics of an organism span scales from subcellular to organismal and include spatial processes like diffusion of molecules, cell migration, and flow of intravenous fluids. Mathematical biology seeks to explain biophysical processes in mathematical terms at, and across, all relevant spatial and temporal scales. While non-spatial, ordinary differential equation (ODE) models are often used and readily calibrated to experimental data, they do not explicitly represent spatial and stochastic features of a biological system, limiting their insights and applications. Spatial models describe biological systems with spatial information but are mathematically complex and computationally expensive, which limits the ability to calibrate and deploy them. In this work we develop a formal method for deriving cell-based, spatial, multicellular models from ODE models of population dynamics in biological systems, and vice-versa. We provide examples of generating spatiotemporal, multicellular models from ODE models of viral infection and immune response. In these models the determinants of agreement of spatial and non-spatial models are the degree of spatial heterogeneity in viral production and rates of extracellular viral diffusion and decay. We show how ODE model parameters can implicitly represent spatial parameters, and cell-based spatial models can generate uncertain predictions through sensitivity to stochastic cellular events, which is not a feature of ODE models. Using our method, we can test ODE models in a multicellular, spatial context and translate information to and from non-spatial and spatial models, which help to employ spatiotemporal multicellular models using calibrated ODE model parameters, investigate objects and processes implicitly represented by ODE model terms and parameters, and improve the reproducibility of spatial, stochastic models. We hope to employ our method to generate new ODE model terms from spatiotemporal, multicellular models, recast popular ODE models on a cellular basis, and generate better models for critical applications where spatial and stochastic features affect outcomes. Statement of SignificanceOrdinary differential equations (ODEs) are widely used to model and efficiently simulate multicellular systems without explicit spatial information, while spatial models permit explicit spatiotemporal modeling but are mathematically complicated and computationally expensive. In this work we develop a method to generate stochastic, agent-based, multiscale models of multicellular systems with spatial resolution at the cellular level according to non-spatial ODE models. We demonstrate how to directly translate model terms and parameters between ODE and spatial models and apply non-spatial model terms to boundary conditions using examples of viral infection modeling, and show how spatial models can interrogate implicitly represented biophysical mechanisms in non-spatial models. We discuss strategies for co-developing spatial and non-spatial models and reconciling disagreements between them.