Biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in The Gambia

BackgroundThe scale-up of indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets, together with other interventions have considerably reduced the malaria burden in The Gambia. This study examined the biting and resting preferences of the local insecticide-resistant vector populations few years following scale-up of anti-vector interventions. MethodIndoor and outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected between July and October 2019 from ten villages in five regions in The Gambia using pyrethrum spray collection (indoor) and prokopack aspirator from pit traps (outdoor). Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify molecular species, insecticide resistance mutations, Plasmodium infection rate and host blood meal. ResultsA total of 844 mosquitoes were collected both indoors (421, 49.9%) and outdoors (423, 50.1%). Four main vector species were identified, including An. arabiensis (indoor: 15%, outdoor: 26%); An. coluzzii (indoor: 19%, outdoor: 6%), An. gambiae s.s. (indoor: 11%, outdoor: 16%), An. melas (indoor: 2%, outdoor: 0.1%) and hybrids of An. coluzzii-An. gambiae (indoors: 3%, outdoors: 2%). A significant preference for outdoor resting was observed in An. arabiensis (Pearson X2=22.7, df=4, P<0.001) and for indoor resting in An. coluzzii (Pearson X2=55.0, df=4, P<0.001). Prevalence of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc)-1014S was higher in the indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.78-1) than outdoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76-0.87) An. arabiensis population. For An. coluzzii, the prevalence of most mutation markers were higher in the outdoor (allele freq. = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.81-0.98) than indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.56-0.86) mosquitoes. Sporozoite positivity rate was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5-2%). Indoor-resting An. coluzzii had mainly fed on human blood while indoor-resting An. arabiensis, animal blood. ConclusionThe indoor-resting behavior of An. arabiensis that preferred animal blood and had low sporozoite rates, may be determined by the Vgsc-1014S mutation. Control interventions may include complementary vector control approaches such as zooprophylaxis.