Does visitation dictate animal welfare in captivity? A case study of tigers and leopards from National Zoological Park, New Delhi

Zoological Parks serve a salient purpose of entertaining many visitors by housing various exclusive animal species. Big cats like tigers and leopard are among the most visited species in zoos globally. We investigated the behavioral response of the zoo-housed big cats to visitor densities and noise. We also aimed to understand the relationship between stereotypy, animal history, feeding schedules, and enclose design. The behavior of eight big cats housed in the National Zoological Park, New Delhi, was monitored using the focal sampling technique during the May and June 2019 to construct the ethograms. We also recorded the visitor density, ambient noise, for the same duration. Both species were found devoting a significant amount (>50%) of time in displaying inactive behaviors. Tigers and leopards performed stereotypic behaviors for 22% and 28% of their time, respectively. Pearson chi-square analysis revealed a significant variation of stereotypy in association with biological (age, sex, and rearing history) and captive (enclosure design) variables. Big cats stereotypic behaviors were found significantly influenced by the high visitor density. However, ambient noise did not impact the stereotypy of both the felid species. Visitors form an integral part of zoos, and their detrimental impact diminishes the well-being of captive animals. This study revealed that tigers and leopards in NZP display a high proportion of inactive and stereotypic behaviors. Thus, we suggest zoo authorities adopt more enclosure enrichment initiatives.