Self-activated photoblinking of nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamonds (sandSTORM): A method for rapid single molecule localization microscopy with unlimited observation time

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is one of the most commonly used super-resolution microscopy techniques. Popular implementations of STORM utilize aromatic fluorophores and consist of a number of intrinsic limitations such the finite photostability of the dyes, the reliance upon non-physiological redox buffers and speed which is ultimately limited by the off-rates of the photoblinking. Self-activated nanodiamond-based STORM (sandSTORM) has been developed as an accelerated STORM protocol which harvests the rapid, high quantum-yield and sustained photoblinking of nanodiamonds (ND). Photoluminescence emanating from the stochastic charge-state interconversion of Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers between NV0and NV- is localized using conventional STORM-optimized hardware and image processing protocols over an unlimited duration of imaging. This produces super-resolution images of matching resolution at [~] 3-times the speed and [~] 100 times less light exposure to the sample compared to traditional STORM. The enabling NDs have been used to map arrays of ryanodine receptor in skeletal muscle tissues via immunolabelling and directly visualize the internal spaces of living neurons via endocytosis of NDs. This paper details the physical basis of sandSTORM, factors which optimize its performance, and key characteristics which make it a powerful STORM protocol suitable for imaging nanoscale sub-cellular structures.